who is the religious leader of islam

Divine Revelations Muhammad settled in Medina, building his Muslim community and gradually gathering acceptance and more followers. Moreover, some of the narratives in question are patently adaptations of biblical motifs designed to present Muhammad as equal or superior to earlier prophetic figures such as Moses and Jesus. He taught that there was no other God but Allah and that Muslims should devote their lives to this God. He had four daughters and at least two sons (both of whom died as infants) with Khadjah and probably another son (who also died young) by a later wife or concubine, Mriyah. You will need to follow the instructions in that message in order to gain full access to the site. As in many religions, there is no single image or symbol of Islam that is universally accepted by all Muslims worldwide. [37] The Imamate of Futa Jallon (1727-1896) was a Fulani state in West Africa where secular power alternated between two lines of hereditary Imams, or almami. This journey became known as the Hijra (also spelled Hegira or Hijrah), and marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! The imam's Arabic titles are used by the majority of Twelver Shia who use, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imam&oldid=1151031191, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Knowledge of Quran and Sunnah, religious devotion, According to most Shia scholars, he was poisoned on the order of Caliph, Sunni and Shia sources both describe him as one of the early and most eminent, According to some Shia scholars, he was poisoned by Ibrahim ibn Walid ibn 'Abdallah in, According to Shia sources, he was poisoned in, Leader of the Shia community during the schism of, Famous for his generosity and piety in the face of persecution by the, Poisoned by his wife, Al-Ma'mun's daughter, in. Most of the Meccan population converted to Islam. hbbd```b``@$kf/`qF0 &H0 All Rights Reserved. (Lyons Press, 2017), which chronicles some of history's most famous disappearances. One faction, the Shi'a, believed that only individuals with direct lineage to the Prophet could guide the Muslim community righteously. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. Despite the long-running nature of the Sunni-Shia divide, the fact that the two sects coexisted in relative peace for many centuries suggests their struggles may have less to do with religion than with wealth and power. His father died before he was born and he was raised first by his grandfather and then his uncle. Imam is an Arabic word meaning "Leader". Finally, in 1979, the Islamic Revolution in Iran produced a radical brand of Shia Islam that would clash violently with Sunni conservatives in Saudi Arabia and elsewhere in the decades to follow. WebIn everyday terms, an imam for Sunni Muslims is the one who leads Islamic formal ( Fard) prayers, even in locations besides the mosque, whenever prayers are done in a group of two or more with one person leading (imam) and the others following by copying his ritual actions of worship. The conflict with the Quraish continued, but after several years of violent clashes, Mecca surrendered. The Al-Islam.org site and the DILP are entirely supported by individual donors and well wishers. 30 Apr 2023 20:48:23 Major mosques usually have a person who is called the "servant of the mosque". Not all lived to adulthood, but one, Fatima, would marry Muhammads cousin, Ali ibn Abi Talib, whom Shiite Muslims regard as Muhammads successor. The rift between these two factions has resulted in differences in worship as well as political and religious views. He undertook his miraculous Night Journey (Isr) from Mecca to Jerusalem, where he prayed with Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Muhammad gave amnesty to many of the Meccan leaders who had opposed him and pardoned many others. Updated: Sep 24, 2020. For example, before Muhammads emigration to Medina he is said to have received an oath of allegiance by twelve inhabitants of the city, an obvious parallel to the Twelve Apostles, and during the digging of a defensive trench around Medina Muhammad is said to have miraculously sated all the workers from a handful of dates, recalling Jesus feeding of the multitude. Compared to religious leaders/clerics of the other Abrahamic faiths, Islamic clergy are said to resemble rabbis and not priests. Islam is picking them off. (lim). In addition to hosting prayers, mosques often function as public gathering places and social centers. However, Shia tradition states he welcomed the message from the Angel Gabriel and was deeply inspired to share his experience with other potential believers. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Enter the OTP you received in your Email Inbox. Eventually the Sunni majority (named for sunna, or tradition) won out, and chose Muhammads close friend Abu Bakr to become the first caliph, or leader, of the Islamic community. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. A massive Sunni army waited for them, and by the end of a 10-day standoff with various smaller struggles, Hussein was killed and decapitated, and his head brought to Damascus as a tribute to the Sunni caliph. However, nowadays it is common in Indonesia to call any elderly preacher from any cultural background with this title. By carefully comparing alternative versions of one and the same biographical narrative, scholars have been able to show that a certain number of traditions about Muhammads lifefor instance, an account of the Prophets emigration from Mecca to Medinawere in circulation already by the end of the 7th century. The Islamic calendar indicates the proper days of Islamic holidays and celebrations, including the period of fasting and prayer known as Ramadan, which occurs during the ninth month of the calendar. WebThe first of them is his son, Hasan, then Husayn, then Ali ibn Husayn, then Muhammad ibn Ali, then Ja'far ibn Muhammad, then Musa ibn Ja'far, then Ali ibn Musa, then Muhammad ibn Ali, then Ali ibn Muhammad, then Hasan ibn Ali then al-Hujjah al-Qaim al-Mahdi al-Hadi ibn Hasan, Master of the Time (May Allah hasten his blessed advent). Although rare, this can include military jihad if a just war is needed. A central idea in Islam is jihad, which means struggle. While the term has been used negatively in mainstream culture, Muslims believe it refers to internal and external efforts to defend their faith. The Prophet Muhammad and the Origins of Islam. What Is the Most Widely Practiced Religion in the World? All mosques have an imam to lead the (congregational) prayers, even though it may sometimes just be a member from the gathered congregation rather than an officially appointed salaried person. While most of Muhammads followers thought that the other elite members of the Islamic community should choose his successor, a smaller group believed only someone from Muhammads familynamely his cousin and son-in-law, Alishould succeed him. Within the century after Muhammads death, his followers had built an empire that stretched from Central Asia to Spain. It is an Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word or Khalfah, which means "successor", that is, successor to the Muhammad. For a time, the influence and status of his wife and his uncle, Abu Talib, the chief of the clan, protected Muhammad from persecution. These were traditionally Muftis who used interpretation (ijtihad) to clarify Islamic law, but in many modern secular contexts, Islamic law is no longer the law of the land. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini became the supreme religious leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979, following many years of resistance to Shah Pahlavi. Islam is picking them off. However, this work is extant only in later reworkings and abridgements, of which the best known is Abd al-Malik ibn Hishms (died 833834) Srat Muammad rasl Allh (Life of Muhammad, the Messenger of God). (Traditionally, a congregations Imam is a man; a woman may serve as prayer leader for a women-only gathering.) Hence, even if one accepts that the Qurnic corpus authentically documents the preaching of Muhammad, taken by itself it simply does not provide sufficient information for even a concise biographical sketch. Kyai or Kiai is a title originally used in Javanese culture. e. Islamic religious leaders have traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation. [38] In the Zaidi Shiite sect, imams were secular as well as spiritual leaders who held power in Yemen for more than a thousand years. For instance, unlike many earlier Western accounts, no attempt will be made to remove supernatural elements from the narrative in the interest of transforming it into an account that appears plausible by modern historiographical standards. Religious leadership in Islamic social circles, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_religious_leaders&oldid=1147270042, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 29 March 2023, at 21:21. Any other use of the hosted content, such as for financial gain, requires express approval from the copyright owners. Islam does not have an ordained clergy with authority over rites and rituals. This is an official position regulated by the Presidency of Religious Affairs[3] in Turkey and only males are appointed to this position; while female officials under the same state organisation work as preachers and Qur'an course tutors, religious services experts, etc. Islam started in Mecca, in modern-day Saudi Arabia, during the time of the prophet Muhammads life. Islam also spread throughout areas in Europe, Africa, and Asia. An Imam reads verses from the Quran after Isha' (night prayers) in the Mughal Empire, Discourse between Islamic Imams in the Mughal Empire, Crimean Tatar imams teach the Quran. Most people in Mecca either ignored him or mocked him as just another prophet. Imams are appointed by the state to work at mosques and they are required to be graduates of an mam Hatip high school or have a university degree in Theology. Here follows a list of the Twelvers Shia imams: Fatimah, also Fatimah al-Zahraa, daughter of Muhammed (615632), is also considered infallible but not an Imam. The ruler of a country might be called the Imam, for example. In this context, imams may lead Islamic worship services, lead prayers, serve as community leaders, and provide religious guidance. At least to historians who are reluctant to admit reports of divine intervention, the problem is reinforced by the miraculous elements of some of the material included in Ibn Isqs work. Updated: Sep 24, 2020. 151 0 obj <> endobj Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Although its roots go back further, scholars typically date the creation of Islam to the 7th century, making it the youngest of the major world religions. The most famous site was the Kaaba (meaning cube in Arabic). In time, Muhammad earned a reputation as honest and sincere, acquiring the nickname al-Amin meaning faithful or trustworthy. Islam, major world religion promulgated by the Prophet Muhammad in Arabia in the 7th century ce. Gradually the people of Mecca turned to polytheism and idolatry. Shaykh/Shaykha: spiritual leader (usually male, occasionally female), especially of a Sufi Circle. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images, according to an estimate by the Council on Foreign Relations, https://www.history.com/news/sunni-shia-divide-islam-muslim. Islam, major world religion promulgated by the Prophet Muhammad in Arabia in the 7th century ce. For example, the punishment for theft is amputating a persons hand. The first caliph was Abu Bakr, Muhammads father-in-law and close friend. Ali eventually became the fourth caliph (or Imam, as Shiites call their leaders), but only after the two that preceded him had both been assassinated. The Quran (or Koran) is the major holy text of Islam. All things considered, there is no compelling reason to suggest that the basic scaffolding of the traditional Islamic account of Muhammads life is unhistorical. One night, while the Prophet was sleeping, the Archangel Gabriel came and led him on a journey. Islam, or submission to the will of Allah, is the second largest religion in the world, with around 1.9 billion followers. The Hadith is another important book. Saturday, 29 Apr 2023. Adultery can carry the penalty of death by stoning. See List of rulers of Oman, the Rustamid dynasty: 776909, Nabhani dynasty: 11541624, the Yaruba dynasty: 16241742, the Al Said: 1744present for further information. Some mosques have specific places for the adhan to be made from, such as a minaret or a designated area in the mosque. Due to animistic belief of ancient Javanese people, the title "Kyai" is also used to call almost all persons and things venerated. All rights reserved. He belonged to a poor but respectable family of the Quraysh tribe. Muslims believe he was the final prophet sent by God to reveal their faith to mankind. Of all the gods worshipped, it is believed that Allah was considered the greatest and the only one without an idol. Caliph was first used for Abu Bakr, who was elected head of the Muslim community after the Prophet Muhammad's death. By 630 he had unified most of Arabia under a single religion. A series of leaders, known as caliphs, became successors to Muhammad. Today, Shiite Muslims have a considerable presence in Iran, Iraq and Syria. Shias consider the term to be only applicable to the members and descendents of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Such evidence provides sufficient confirmation of the historical existence of an Arab prophet by the name of Muhammad. And there is an Imam e Mubeen who encompasses the whole universe as per the teachings of the Quran. From that point forward, Muhammad was ostracized in Mecca. Sharia law requires men and women to dress modestly. In the case of small mosques, the imam of the mosque would perform the athan (since small mosques may not be able to afford hiring a full-time person as a mosque servant. Pew Research Center.Islam Rituals and Worship: Symbolism,The Religion Library.The Islamic Calendar: TimeandDate.com. WebImam: prayer leader; may also function as a spiritual advisor and expert in Islamic Law. The Night Journey and Ascension of the Prophet %PDF-1.6 % Enter valid first name and last name with at least one space. The term Mullah is a variation of the word mawla(means master or lord) and Mawlana is its derivative (means my lord) and are used mainly in Central Asia and in the Sub-Continent . Muslims also celebrate other holidays, such as the Islamic New Year and the birth of Muhammad. He continued to preach until his death in 632. Updated: Sep 24, 2020. If crimes are committed, Sharia law is known for its harsh punishments. They believe there will be a day of judgment, and life after death. (Traditionally, a congregations Imam is a man; a woman may serve as prayer leader for a women-only gathering.) It is an Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word or Khalfah, which means "successor", that is, successor to the Muhammad. WebIslamic religious leaders by nationality (20 C) A. Ayatollahs (8 C, 14 P) C. Caliphs (28 C, 4 P) Muslim clergy (3 C, 1 P) F. Female Islamic religious leaders (3 C, 28 P) G. Grand Muftis (30 C, 15 P) I. Imams (10 C, 12 P) M. Marja' (3 P) Religious leaders of the medieval Islamic world (9 C) They believe that nothing can happen without Allahs permission, but humans have free will. He died on June 8, 632, at the age of 62, and was buried at al-Masjid an-Nabawi (the Mosque of the Prophet) one of the first mosques built by Muhammad in Medina. HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. We strive for accuracy and fairness. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Webt. This list may not reflect recent changes. It is believed to have been built by Abraham (Ibrahim to Muslims) and his son Ismail. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. His strong monotheistic message angered many of the Meccan merchants. They eventually married. The controversial term radical Islam has become a well-known label to describe the religions connection to acts of violence. The term is used almost exclusively in the sub-continent area. Nation of Islam: This mostly African-American, Sunni sect was founded in the 1930s in Detroit, Michigan. Religion Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Mullah or Mawlana are Islamic clergy who have studied the Qur'an and the Hadith and are considered experts on related religious matters in this religion. It is considered by Muslims in some countries to indicate the highest authority in Sunni Islam for Islamic jurisprudence, The grand Imam holds a great influence on followers of the theological Ash'ari and Maturidi traditions worldwide, while the defenders of the Athari and Salafi ideologies find their leaders in the Arabian Peninsula. Saturday, 29 Apr 2023. A common thread in most of these conflicts is the ongoing battle between Sunni Saudi Arabia and Shia Iran for influence in the oil-rich Middle East and surrounding regions. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini became the supreme religious leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979, following many years of resistance to Shah Pahlavi. Updated: January 10, 2022 | Original: July 31, 2019. The Holy Prophet himself has said: This son of mine, Husayn is an Imam, son of an Imam, brother of an Imam and father of nine Imams. Islam is picking them off. Muslims are monotheistic and worship one, all-knowing God, who in Arabic is known as Allah. We strive for accuracy and fairness. In his early teens, Muhammad worked in a camel caravan, following in the footsteps of many people his age, born of meager wealth. Ayatollah (Arabic: ; Persian: ) is a high title given to major Shia clergymen. Eid al-Adha: celebrates the Prophet Abrahams willingness to sacrifice his son for Allah. It is used as an honorific in Sunni Islam as well as in Shia Islam. Between 624 and 628, the Muslims were involved in a series of battles for their survival. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. They respect some of the same prophets as. Scholars believe the Quran was compiled shortly after Muhammads death, under the guidance of Caliph Abu Bakr. He then returned to earth to continue spreading the message of Islam. When Muhammad died, there was debate over who should replace him as leader. At other times the position was inherited, as with the Yaruba dynasty from 1624 and 1742. The prophet Muhammad is credited with building the firstmosque in the courtyard of his house in Medina. Best Known For: Muhammad is the prophet and founder of Islam. According to Islamic tradition, his father died before Muhammad was born, and his mother died when he was a young child. Nation of Islam: This mostly African-American, Sunni sect was founded in the 1930s in Detroit, Michigan. For instance, a Syriac chronicle dating from about 640 mentions a battle between the Romans and the Arabs of Muhammad, and an Armenian history composed about 660 describes Muhammad as a merchant who preached to the Arabs and thereby triggered the Islamic conquests. The fact that such biographical narratives about Muhammad are encountered only in texts dating from the 8th or 9th century or even later is bound to raise the problem of how confident one can be in the srah literatures claim to relay accurate historical information. Experts predict Islam will surpass Christianity as the largest religion by the end of the century. The titles of Ayatollah and Grand Ayatollah exist only in the Shiite sect of Islam. An image of the Prophet Muhammad at the beginning of a book endows the volume with the highest form of blessing and sanctity. The Arabic term islm, literally surrender, illuminates the fundamental religious idea of Islamthat the believer (called a Muslim, from the active particle of islm) accepts surrender to the will of Allah (in Arabic, Allh: God). Sensing a threat, Meccas merchants and leaders offered Muhammad incentives to abandon his preaching, but he refused. Muslims follow five basic pillars that are essential to their faith. She has been a frequent contributor to History.com since 2005, and is the author of Breaking History: Vanished! Muslim prayer is often conducted in a mosque's large open space or outdoor courtyard. Why are images of Muhammad generally prohibited in Islam? It was obviously intended by the Ummayads to put the definitive end to all claims to leadership of the ummah as a matter of direct descendence from Muhammad, says Hazleton of Husseins death, and the death of all the surviving members of Muhammads family, at Karbala. 20002023 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. What are the traditional events of Muhammads life? Islam, BBC.Islam: The Second Largest World ReligionAnd Growing, Religious Tolerance.Islam Fast Facts, CNN.Basic Facts About Islam, PBS.What is Sharia Law and How is it Applied? They are all rightful Imams, one after another, for each one of them designated the next one as his successor. In Islam, an Imam is a religious leader who often leads congregational prayers in a mosque. ; in Arabic, it is muathi [mu-a-thin] [mn]) is any person at the mosque who makes the adhan, or athan (call to prayer) for the Friday prayer service and the five daily prayers, or salat. In some other applications, such as the International Red Cross and Red Crescent humanitarian aid movement, a red crescent indicates that followers of Islam are respected and treated accordingly. (Traditionally, a congregations Imam is a man; a woman may serve as prayer leader for a women-only gathering.) Depictions of the Prophet Muhammad The Qurn provides very few concrete details regarding Muhammads life. Working for his uncle, he gained experience in commercial trade traveling to Syria and eventually from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean. Today, the faith is spreading rapidly throughout the world. Eventually the Sunni majority (named for sunna, or tradition) won out, and chose Muhammads close friend Abu Bakr to become the first caliph, or leader, of the Islamic community. nashville scrappers state championships, sunday brunch in lancaster, pa, batavia muckdogs logo,

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